Miscellaneous: Models & Protocols
“SBAR”
Definition
- Technique to Communicate Patient Information Between Members of a Health Care Team
Factors
- S: Situation – Present What is Happening
- B: Background – Condensed History/Context
- A: Assessment – Statement of What the Problem Is
- R: Recommendation – Recommendation of What the Next Step in Care Should Be
“IPASS”
Definition
- Model for Patient Handoffs Between Providers
Factors
- I: Illness Severity – Stable/Unstable
- P: Patient Summary – Condensed History/Context
- A: Action List – To Do List
- S: Situation Awareness & Contingency Planning – Plan for What Might Happen
- S: Synthesis by Receiver – Receiver Summarizes & Asks Questions
“SPIKES Protocol”
Definition
- Protocol for Delivering Bad News
Factors
- S: Setting – Set Up the Interview
- P: Perception – Assess the Patient/Family Perception
- I: Invitation – See What the Patient Wants to Know
- K: Knowledge – Share Knowledge
- E: Emotions – Respond to Patient/Family Emotions
- S: Strategy/Summary – Recap & Decide Next Plan
“Six Sigma Approach” (DMAIC Strategy)
Definition
- Approach to Process Improvement
Factors
- Define – Define the Problem
- Measure – Collect Data About the Process & Problem
- Analyze – Identify Root Causes that May be Contributing to the Negative Outcome
- Improve – Implement Solutions to Eliminate the Root Causes
- Approaches:
- Shift the Process to Improve a Step’s End Metric
- Reduce Variability by Standardization
- Approaches:
- Control – Establish Standards to Sustain Improvements Long-Term
“Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Method”
Definition
- Method to Test & Refine a Change that is Implemented
Factors
- Plan – Planning the Change
- Do – Implementing the Change
- Study – Observing Results
- Act – Making Changes Based on What is Learned
Health Care Quality Domains
Definition
- Domains of Health Care Quality
- From the Institute of Medicine
Factors
- Safe – Care is Not Causing Harm
- Effective – Care is Based on Scientific Knowledge & Produces Beneficial Results
- Patient-Centered – Care is Respectful & Responsive to Individual Needs/Preferences
- Timely – Patients Requiring Care Have Timely Access
- Efficient – Care Avoids Waste of Finances, Time, Equipment or Energy
- Equitable – Care is Consistent for All Patients
“NOTSS Taxonomy”
Definition
- Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) Taxonomy
- A Tool to Teach & Assess Non-Technical Skills in the Operating Theatre
Cognitive Skills
- Situational Awareness
- Gathering Information – From Preoperative Findings, Operative Findings, Environment, Equipment & People
- Understanding Information – Interpretation of Gathered Information
- Projecting & Anticipating Future States
- Decision Making
- Considering Options
- Selecting & Communicating Options
- Implementing & Reviewing Decisions
Interpersonal (Social) Skills
- Communication & Teamwork
- Exchanging Information
- Establishing a Shared Understanding
- Coordinating Team Activities
- Leadership
- Setting & Maintaining Standards – Promoting Safety & Abiding by Accepted Principles, Codes & OR Protocols
- Supporting Others
- Coping with Pressure